Engineers at Duke University have developed a device that uses sound waves to separate and sort the tiniest particles found in blood in a matter of minutes. The technology is based on a concept called “virtual pillars” and could be a boon to both scientific research and medical applications.

The results appeared online November 23 in the journal Science Advances.

“These nanoparticles have significant potential in medical diagnosis and treatment, but the current technologies for separating and sorting them take several hours or days, are inconsistent, produce low yield or purity, suffer from contamination and sometimes damage the nanoparticles,” said Tony Jun Huang, the William Bevan Distinguished Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science at Duke.

“We want to make extracting and sorting high-quality sEVs as simple as pushing a button and getting the desired samples faster than it takes to take a shower,” Huang said.

Recent research indicates that sEVs are comprised of several subgroups with distinct sizes (e.g., smaller than 50 nanometers, between 60 and 80 nanometers, and between 90 and 150 nanometers). Each size is believed to have different biological properties.

The recent discovery of sEV subpopulations has excited researchers because of their potential to revolutionize the field of non-invasive diagnostics, such as the early detection of cancer and Alzheimer’s disease. But the particles haven’t found their way into clinical settings yet.

Huang said this is largely due to the difficulties associated with separating and isolating these nano-sized sEV subpopulations. To meet this challenge, Huang, his doctoral student Jinxin Zhang, and collaborators at UCLA, Harvard, and Magee-Womens Research Institute, developed the ANSWER platform.

The device uses a single pair of transducers to generate a standing sound wave that envelops a narrow, enclosed channel filled with fluid. The sound wave “leaks” into the liquid center through the channel walls and interacts with the original standing sound wave. With careful design of the wall thickness, channel size and sound frequency, this interaction creates a resonance that forms “virtual pillars” along the center of the channel.

In the new paper, the researchers demonstrate that their ANSWER platform can successfully sort sEVs into three subgroups with 96% accuracy for nanoparticles on the larger end of the spectrum and 80% accuracy for the smallest. They also show flexibility in their system, adjusting the number of groupings and ranges of sizes with simple updates to the sound wave parameters. Each of the experiments only took 10 minutes to complete, whereas other methods such as ultra-centrifugation can take several hours or days.

“Due to its contact-free nature, ANSWER offers a biocompatible approach for the separation of biological nanoparticles.” Zhang said. “Unlike mechanical filtration methods, which have fixed separation cutoff diameters, ANSWER offers a tunable approach to nanoscale separation, and the cutoff diameter can be precisely modified by varying the input acoustic power.”

Moving forward, the researchers will continue improving the ANSWER technology so that it can be efficient in purifying other biologically relevant nanoparticles such as viruses, antibodies and proteins.