Pancreatic cancer reprograms nerve cells to fuel its growth, but blocking these connections can shrink tumors and boost treatment effectiveness.

Pancreatic cancer is closely linked to the nervous system, according to researchers from the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and the Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM). Their recent study, published in Nature, reveals that pancreatic tumors actively reprogram neurons to support their growth.

In experiments with mice, the researchers found that blocking nerve function not only slowed tumor progression but also made cancer cells more responsive to certain chemotherapy and immunotherapy treatments.

Over the past several years, scientists have observed interactions between cancer and the nervous system in nearly all studied tumor types, often finding that these interactions help tumors grow and survive. Pancreatic cancer, in particular, is surrounded by a dense network of nerves. However, only nerve fibers extend into the tumor, while the main bodies of the nerve cells remain in distant ganglia, the control centers of the peripheral nervous system. Until now, the exact molecular interactions between these nerves and cancer cells remained unclear.

Using a newly developed method, a team led by Andreas Trumpp, DKFZ, and HI-STEM, has now succeeded for the first time in molecularly examining the nerve cells in both healthy tissue and pancreatic cancer in mice.

Pancreatic cancer reprograms nerve cells

In pancreatic tumors, the nerves are extremely well-ramified and in contact with most of the tumor cells. Through the detailed molecular analysis of the individual neurons in the tumor, the researchers discovered that pancreatic cancer reprograms the gene activity of the nerves for its own benefit. The activity of many genes is increased or attenuated, resulting in a tumor-specific signature.

What is more, even after surgical removal of the primary tumor, the tumor nervous system retained its cancer-promoting properties: when the scientists reimplanted pancreatic cancer cells into the animals that had undergone surgery, the resulting secondary tumors were twice as large as those of mice that had been transplanted with pancreatic cancer cells for the first time.

In addition to their direct interaction with cancer cells, nerve cells influence in particular the fibroblasts of the tumor (CAF – cancer-associated fibroblasts), which make up a large part of the tumor mass. They are also stimulated to grow and contribute significantly to the suppression of the immune defense in the tumor environment.

Nerves cut – tumors shrink

When the sympathetic nerve connections to the pancreas were surgically severed or destroyed with special neurotoxins, tumor growth was significantly inhibited. At the same time, the activity of growth-promoting genes in the cancer cells as well as in the CAFs decreased. In the CAFs, the researchers observed a significant increase in pro-inflammatory gene activity after the nerves were destroyed.

“Apparently, the neuronal connections in pancreatic cancer suppress the pro-inflammatory activity of the fibroblasts, thereby inhibiting the cancer defense by immune cells,” explains Vera Thiel, the first author of the paper.

Severed nerves increase the effectiveness of immunotherapies

If the interruption of nerve connections apparently has an inflammatory effect, i.e. activates the immune system, this could increase the effectiveness of an immunotherapy with so-called checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). Drugs in this group metaphorically speaking release the “brakes” of the immune system. However, they cannot combat pancreatic carcinomas on their own: the tumors are considered immunologically “cold”, meaning the therapeutically important T-cells simply cannot reach the tumor.

When the researchers blocked the neural connection to the pancreatic tumor in a mouse model using a targeted neurotoxin, the tumor became sensitive to the checkpoint inhibitor nivolumab again and the tumor mass shrank to one-sixth of the mass in control animals. “By blocking the nerves, were able to convert an immunologically cold tumor into one that was sensitive to immunotherapy,” says Simon Renders, also a first author of the publication, summarizing the result.

Severed nerves plus chemotherapy: synergistic effect

The drug nab-paclitaxel is a component of standard chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer. In addition to inhibiting cell division, it also affects sensory nerves, which is why peripheral neuropathy is one of the known severe side effects of this agent.

Trumpp’s team showed that under repeated cycles of nab-paclitaxel, the sensory nerve fibers in the tumor decreased drastically. The tumor mass also decreased as expected. The effect on sensory nerves apparently seems to be part of the drug’s effectiveness against pancreatic cancer. However, the remaining nerve fibers retained their cancer-promoting gene activity even under treatment.

But what happens when the tumor is completely cut off from its neuronal connections? The researchers achieved this by treating the mice with nab-paclitaxel (to block sensory nerves) and a neurotoxin to switch off the sympathetic neurons. This combination had a synergistic effect and reduced the tumor mass by more than 90 percent.

“The result underscores that both types of nerve cells have functional relevance for tumor growth,” explains Vera Thiel. ”Complete blockade of the communication between nerves and tumor in combination with chemotherapy and/or immune checkpoint inhibitors is a promising approach for combating pancreatic cancer more effectively in the future. For example, it is conceivable to reduce the size of the tumors to such an extent that they subsequently become resectable, Trumpp summarizes. His team, together with doctors from Heidelberg University Hospital, is already planning early clinical trials to test this strategy in pancreatic cancer patients.

The Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Research and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM) gGmbH was founded in 2008 as a public-private partnership between the DKFZ and the Dietmar Hopp Foundation and has been funded by the foundation for 15 years now.

Why research in mice is necessary for this research project

To investigate which different types of peripheral nerves influence the development of pancreatic cancer, the fully developed nervous system of an intact organism is essential. In addition, the aim of the work was to examine the interaction between the nervous system and the tumor as a potential target for new therapeutic approaches. In order to discover possible synergies with the body’s own defense system, the immune system with all its components is also needed. Both cannot be reproduced in cell or organ culture systems.

Reference: “Characterization of single neurons reprogrammed by pancreatic cancer” by Vera Thiel, Simon Renders, Jasper Panten, Nicolas Dross, Katharina Bauer, Daniel Azorin, Vanessa Henriques, Vanessa Vogel, Corinna Klein, Aino-Maija Leppä, Isabel Barriuso Ortega, Jonas Schwickert, Iordanis Ourailidis, Julian Mochayedi, Jan-Philipp Mallm, Carsten Müller-Tidow, Hannah Monyer, John Neoptolemos, Thilo Hackert, Oliver Stegle, Duncan T. Odom, Rienk Offringa, Albrecht Stenzinger, Frank Winkler, Martin Sprick and Andreas Trumpp, 17 February 2025, Nature.
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-025-08735-3

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