Cardiac Crisis: COVID-19 Doubles Risk of Heart Attacks, Strokes, and Death

Research indicates that COVID-19 survivors face doubled risks of severe cardiac events for years after recovery, especially if hospitalized.

People with A, B, or AB blood types are particularly vulnerable, highlighting the need for personalized approaches to heart health post-COVID.

COVID-19 and Cardiovascular Risk

A history of COVID-19 can double the risk of heart attack, stroke, or death, according to new research led by Cleveland Clinic and the University of Southern California.

The study revealed that individuals with any type of COVID-19 infection were twice as likely to experience a major cardiac event, such as a heart attack, stroke, or death, for up to three years following their diagnosis. This risk escalated significantly for patients who were hospitalized for COVID-19, surpassing even the influence of a previous history of heart disease.

Genetic Factors and COVID-19 Complications

Further genetic analysis indicated that individuals with non-O blood types (such as A, B, or AB) were twice as likely to suffer a severe cardiovascular event after COVID-19 compared to those with type O blood.

Published on October 9 in the journal Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, the researchers used UK Biobank data from 10,005 people who had COVID-19 and 217,730 people who did not get infected between February to December 2020.

Global Implications of Cardiac Risks Post-COVID

"Worldwide over a billion people have already experienced COVID-19. The findings reported are not a small effect in a small subgroup," said co-senior study author Stanley Hazen, M.D., Ph.D., chair of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences in Cleveland Clinic's Lerner Research Institute and co-section head of Preventive Cardiology. "The results included nearly a quarter million people and point to a finding of global healthcare importance that promises to translate into a rise in cardiovascular disease globally."

Certain genetic variants are already linked to coronary artery disease, heart attack and COVID-19 infection. The researchers completed a genetic analysis to see if any of these known genetic variants contribute to elevated coronary artery disease risk after COVID-19. None of the known genetic variants were drivers of the enhanced cardiovascular events observed post COVID-19. Instead, the data highlighted an association between elevated risk and blood type.

Research Findings and Future Directions

Previous research has shown that people who have A, B, or AB blood types were also more susceptible to contracting COVID-19.

"These findings reveal while it's an upper respiratory tract infection, COVID-19 has a variety of health implications and underscores that we should consider history of prior COVID-19 infection when formulating cardiovascular disease preventive plans and goals," said Dr. Hazen.

"The association uncovered by our research indicates a potential interaction between the virus and the piece of our genetic code that determines blood type and signals the need for further investigation," said Dr. Hazen. "A better understanding of what COVID-19 does at the molecular level may potentially teach us about pathways linked to cardiovascular disease risk."

Hooman Allayee, PhD, of USC's Keck School of Medicine, was co-senior author of the paper.

"Our data suggesting that risk of heart attacks and strokes was especially higher among COVID-19 patients with A, B, or AB blood types has significant clinical implications," Dr. Allayee said.

"Given our collective observations and that 60% of the world's population have these non-O blood types, our study raises important questions about whether more aggressive cardiovascular risk reduction efforts should be considered, possibly by taking into consideration an individual's genetic makeup."

The findings show that the long-term risk associated with COVID-19 "continues to pose a significant public health burden" and that further investigation is needed, according to the authors.

For more on this research, see How COVID Continues to Threaten Your Heart Years After Infection.

Reference: "COVID-19 Is a Coronary Artery Disease Risk Equivalent and Exhibits a Genetic Interaction With ABO Blood Type" 9 October 2024, Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology.
DOI: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.124.321001

This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health [R01HL148110, R01HL168493, U54HL170326, P30ES007048, R01DK132735, P01HL147823 and R01HL147883].

Disclosures: Dr. Hazen is named as co-inventor on pending and issued patents held by Cleveland Clinic in relation to cardiovascular diagnostics and therapeutics.