A Yale study says not yet.

A recent study led by Yale University highlights that while neuroimaging holds great potential in connecting specific symptoms of mental health disorders to abnormal brain activity, there are still challenges to overcome before it can be reliably used to diagnose conditions like PTSD. The study underscores the need for further research and development in the field of neuroimaging to refine its applications for psychiatric diagnoses.

Their findings were recently published in the American Journal of Psychiatry.

A few years back, the National Institutes of Mental Health initiated a multi-billion-dollar research project aimed at identifying biomarkers of brain activity that reveal the biological basis of various mental health disorders. Currently, these disorders are mainly diagnosed through clinical evaluation based on a patient's reported symptoms, which often overlap with each other.

For the new study, the Yale-led team attempted to replicate the findings of an earlier nationwide neuroimaging study, in which Emory and Harvard scientists linked clusters of brain activity to a variety of outcomes among patients who had arrived at U.S. emergency departments following traumatic events. Specifically, when researchers measured patients' brain activity during the performance of simple tasks — including ones that probe responses to threats and rewards — they detected a cluster of brain activity that showed high reactivity to both threat and reward signals and seemed to predict more severe symptoms of PTSD later on.

However, when Yale researchers analyzed similar neuroimaging data collected from recent trauma survivors in Israel, they were not able to replicate these findings. While they did identify the different clusters of brain activity observed in the earlier study, they found no association with prospective PTSD symptoms.

"That is not to say one set of data is right and the other is wrong, just that there is a lot of fundamental work that needs to be done to develop reliable models that could generalize across different studies," said Yale's Ziv Ben-Zion, a postdoctoral associate at Yale School of Medicine and the corresponding author of the study.

In fact, Yale researchers are currently working with the investigators of the original Emory-Harvard study to merge datasets "to search for common underlying patterns of brain activity associated with different responses to trauma," Ben-Zion said.

"It took about 100 years to come up with current classifications of mental illness, but we've only been exploring refining psychiatric diagnoses using biomarkers for the last 10 years," said Harpaz-Rotem. "We still have a long way to go."