Hydrogels have gained widespread recognition and utilization in biomedical engineering, with their applications dating back to the 1960s when they were first used in contact lens production.
Hydrogels are distinguished from other biomaterials in biomedical applications because of their remarkable flexibility and versatility. Owing to these advantageous properties, they find applications across a wide spectrum, ranging from industrial to biological applications.2
A Brief Overview of the Hydrogel Structure and Properties
Hydrogels are characterized by their hydrophilic nature and 3D network structure, possessing the unique ability to absorb significant amounts of water or biological fluids. This feature makes them ideal candidates for various biomedical applications, including biosensors, drug delivery systems, and carriers or scaffolds for cells in tissue engineering.3
In biomedical applications, the similarity between the physical attributes of hydrogels and human tissues, along with their tunable physiochemical properties, makes them a popular choice. They also offer the potential for functionalization.
Common applications of hydrogels include medical patches, tissue sealants, drug carriers, and flexible electronic devices.4
Hydrogel properties, including swelling and deswelling rates, matrix stiffness, degradability, and mesh size, can be adjusted to suit specific biomedical applications. This adjustment is achieved by altering the hydrophilic-hydrophobic ratios and reaction rates, making them popular for various biomedical purposes.5
Traditionally, hydrogels have been made using a controlled batch reactor chamber manufacturing process. This conventional process involves combining reactants in a reactor where the mixture undergoes thorough blending at a specified stir rate and temperature.
Once the chemicals form a slurry, they are combined with other pre-prepared solutions under specified conditions. This process yields a hydrogel with the high-strength properties required for biomedical applications.6
Additive manufacturing techniques, such as bio-ink-based 3D printing, have revolutionized the production of hydrogels. They significantly reduce manufacturing time and allow for the precise control of structural attributes.
Applications of Hydrogels in Biomedicine
In the biomedical field, hydrogels are a popular choice for drug delivery systems, wearable sensors, the manufacturing of tissue scaffolds, and anti-microbial bandages and wound dressings.
In cell culture, 3D cell cultures offer a valuable platform for cell growth in vitro, enabling growth in all directions. Unlike the 2D culture system, 3D cultures facilitate a better understanding of in vivo cell behavior as cells develop into a 3D structure akin to living tissue.
This is achieved by culturing cells on a 3D scaffold, mimicking the natural 3D cell structures found in vivo, where cells are embedded in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and form a 3D network.
Hydrogels possess a 3D structure and a hydrophilic polymer network capable of absorbing water and biological fluids, allowing them to construct soft and wet 3D structures.7 Natural hydrogels, in particular, exhibit good biocompatibility, contain endogenous factors, and possess viscoelasticity and fibrils similar to the ECM.
Many natural materials, such as chitosan, are used to develop hydrogels, but a very widely used substance is Hyaluronic acid (HA). HA is a natural hydrogel material and a major component of the ECM. This molecule is found in different essential tissues, such as skin and cartilage.
Another natural source is fibrin, with fibrin hydrogel essential to ECM development. Fibrin hydrogel has various customizable properties that can be optimized for modern tissue engineering and stem cell cultivation.8
Smart hydrogels, made from naturally occurring polymeric materials, are also being investigated for use in targeted cell delivery. Their responses are highly dependent on external stimuli, promoting their use in the development of targeted drugs and intricately controlled release of medicinal substances, especially cancer drugs, without injecting any substance into the human veins.9
Self-healing hydrogels (SHHs) have recently gained attention, as their properties closely resemble human muscles and natural tissues. The innate ability of natural tissues to self-heal is fascinating, extending their longevity while enhancing strength and durability.
The striking similarities between self-healing hydrogels and natural tissues make them suitable for real-time applications in diverse areas such as soft robotics, drug delivery, and carrier systems for transporting various molecules within cells.10
Wound healing is a multifaceted and complex process involving the repair of damaged tissue layers and cellular structures. SHH compounds have the potential to reduce the frequency of dressing changes and, therefore, any unnecessary discomfort for patients. They also fulfill the requirements for surgical debridement, especially for burn patients.11
Artificial Intelligence-Based Innovation in Hydrogel Design and Optimization
Previously, the development of hydrogels followed a series of lengthy experiments, and their optimization could take years, leading to significant financial losses and time wastage.
Recently, the application of computer simulations and modern technologies has revolutionized material science and engineering. The use of artificial Intelligence (AI) in the design and development of modern hydrogels has boosted the industrialization of these substances.
AI-energized hydrogel design utilizes machine learning (ML) algorithms to analyze extensive datasets and pinpoint the most effective combinations of polymers, cross-linking agents, and additives for producing hydrogels with precise properties.
This approach enables researchers to rapidly design and optimize hydrogels tailored to specific requirements, including mechanical strength, porosity, biocompatibility, and drug release profiles.
With the aid of AI, hydrogels have seen enhanced applications in tissue engineering, including drug delivery, bio-inks for advanced manufacturing, tissue repair, and biosensors.12
The advancement of AI-energized multifunctional hydrogel products is still in its early phases. Implementing AI necessitates extensive datasets for training, validation, and testing.
For example, in the development of hydrogel drug delivery systems, it is crucial to adjust input parameters effectively and possess comprehensive data on hydrogel release outcomes.
Access to ample experimental data, encompassing both input parameters and release outcomes, would greatly aid in refining predictive models and understanding the underlying relationships.
Latest Development in Hydrogel Based Solutions for Cardiac Treatment
In a recent development, scientists at the University of Waterloo have introduced a novel hydrogel designed to repair injured heart tissue and enhance cancer therapies.
This synthetic substance is crafted from cellulose nanocrystals extracted from wood pulp. It is engineered to mimic the fibrous nanostructures and characteristics of human tissues, reproducing the distinctive biomechanical attributes of natural tissues.
The same department is also leading the development of similar biomimetic hydrogels suitable for drug delivery and regenerative medicine applications, focusing on creating injectable formulations.
Hydrogels hold tremendous potential in the medical field due to their rapid and effective bonding capabilities. These gel-like materials, which can be tailored to have varying levels of stiffness, enable the mimicry of the mechanical properties of specific tissues.
To further improve the efficiency of hydrogels, it is imperative to address cost challenges, develop sustainable production techniques, and integrate digital technologies.
References and Further Reading
[1] Xiao, Z. et al. (2022). Adhesion mechanism and application progress of hydrogels. European Polymer Journal. doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111277
[2] Mahmood, A. et al. (2022). Recent Progress in Biopolymer-Based Hydrogel Materials for Biomedical Applications. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031415
[3] Li, W. et al. (2022). Bio‐inspired adhesive hydrogel for biomedicine—principles and design strategies. Smart Medicine. Available at: doi.org/10.1002/SMMD.20220024
[4] Hua, M. et al. (2021). Strong tough hydrogels via the synergy of freeze-casting and salting out. Nature. doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03212-z
[5] Liu, T. et al. (2021). Effect of freezing process on the microstructure of gelatin methacryloyl hydrogels. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2021.810155
[6] Ahmed, EM. (2015). Hydrogel: Preparation, characterization, and applications: A review. Journal of advanced research. doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2013.07.006
[7] Park, Y., et al. (2022). Applications of Biomaterials in 3D Cell Culture and Contributions of 3D Cell Culture to Drug Development and Basic Biomedical Research. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052491
[8] Heo, D., et al. (2019). Synergistic interplay between human MSCs and HUVECs in 3D spheroids laden in collagen/fibrin hydrogels for bone tissue engineering. Acta biomaterialia. doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2019.02.046
[9] Chung, T., et al. (2021). Developing photothermal-responsive and anti-oxidative silk/dopamine nanoparticles decorated with drugs which were incorporated into silk films as a depot-based drug delivery. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.084
[10] Rumon M. et al. (2022). Self-Healing Hydrogels: Development, Biomedical Applications, and Challenges. Polymers. doi.org/10.3390/polym14214539
[11] Hasan, M., et al. (2021). Fabrication and characterization of chitosan-polyethylene glycol (Ch-PEG) based hydrogels and evaluation of their potency in rat skin wound model. International Journal of Biomaterials. doi.org/10.1155/2021/4877344
[12] Li, Z. et al. (2024). AI energized hydrogel design, optimization and application in biomedicine. Materials Today Bio. doi.org/10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.10101
News
Cancer’s Hidden Antioxidant Shield Helps It Escape the Immune System
Blocking an antioxidant protein that tumors use to suppress immune attacks improved cancer immunotherapy responses in mice. Cancer cells can release antioxidants that interfere with the immune cells trying to kill them. Researchers have [...]
Scientists Find a Berry Compound That Helps Muscle Cells Burn Fat
Pterostilbene, a compound found naturally in some foods, affects how skeletal muscles process fats by stabilizing a protein called PPARδ and increasing its signaling activity. Pterostilbene, a natural compound found in blueberries, grapes, and [...]
Two Hidden Forces Help Build the Human Brain Before Birth
Scientists have uncovered two surprising forces that help guide how the human brain forms before birth. Before birth, the human brain is shaped in large part by an unusual class of stem cells known [...]
Researchers Uncover a Hidden Trigger Behind Chronic Inflammation
The findings offer new insights that could help guide the development of future therapies. A protein called human resistin may help flip on one of the immune system’s most powerful inflammatory switches. Researchers at [...]
Scientists Have Uncovered Previously Hidden Microbial Activity on Human Skin
The most abundant microbes on your skin may not be the ones doing most of the work. Human skin supports vast communities of bacteria, fungi, and viruses that can influence its protective barrier, immune [...]
Brazilian Tree Compounds Fight COVID-19 on Multiple Fronts
Scientists found compounds in a Brazilian tree that hit SARS-CoV-2 on multiple fronts, revealing a promising new lead in the search for COVID-19 treatments. Researchers have found that galloylquinic acids extracted from the leaves [...]
Cutting Two Amino Acids Slowed Prostate Cancer in Mice
A newly identified link between amino acid metabolism and cholesterol production may help prostate tumors adapt to hormone therapy. Prostate cancer can find ways around treatments designed to deprive tumors of the hormones they [...]
Largest-Ever Physics Survey Raises New Doubts About Our Model of the Universe
Physicists around the world remain deeply divided on key mysteries of the universe, from dark matter to quantum gravity. The standard cosmological model failed to gain majority support, and no leading theory dominated the [...]
Scientists Just Overturned a 100-Year-Old Belief About Bacteria in the Lungs
New findings raise questions about the role of microbes living in the lungs. More than 35 trillion bacteria live throughout the human body, forming microbiomes in the gut, mouth, lungs, skin, and urogenital tract. [...]
GHCE Concept
From the preface of the book Global Health Care Equivalency in the Age of Nanotechnology, Nanomedicine and Artificial Intelligence, Edited by Frank Boehm: Since the publication of my first book (Nanomedical Device and Systems [...]
Novartis, Ionis drug failure spurs questions
Pelacarsen didn’t protect heart health despite lowering levels of a protein particle, “Lp(a),” in a large clinical trial — a result with important implications for cardiovascular drug research. Dive Brief: An RNA drug from [...]
New injectable treatment helps the brain rebuild after stroke
Biomedical engineers at Duke University have created an injectable biomaterial that may help the brain recover from damage left behind by an ischemic stroke. In experiments with mice, the material transformed the cavity created [...]
Scientists Discover a Hidden “Immune Organ” Inside the Skull
Researchers discovered lymph node-like immune hubs inside skull bone marrow that appear to act as rapid-response centers for the brain. For decades, the brain was thought to operate largely apart from the immune system. [...]
Engineered tRNAs and lipid nanoparticles target nonsense mutation cystic fibrosis
Researchers have developed a potential new approach for treating a form of cystic fibrosis caused by so-called nonsense mutations, combining chemically modified transfer RNAs with lipid nanoparticles designed to deliver the therapy directly to [...]
New pancreatic cancer drug carries a $39,800 monthly list price
A groundbreaking treatment for one of the most common forms of pancreatic cancer has been approved in pill form by the FDA. Revolution Medicines’ oral tablet daraxonrasib, branded as Rasonque, reduced the risk of [...]
Researchers Have Discovered a New Way To Reduce Chronic Nerve Pain
A cancer-linked protein called BRAF may help drive chronic nerve pain, and existing cancer drugs targeting it reduced pain sensitivity in preclinical models. Chronic nerve pain can persist long after an injury and often [...]
