Nanoparticles are everywhere. They are in our body as protein aggregates, lipid vesicles, or viruses. They are in our drinking water in the form of impurities. They are in the air we breath as pollutants. At the same time, many drugs are based on the delivery of nanoparticles, including the vaccines we have been recently given.
Keeping with the pandemics, quick tests used for the detection the SARS-Cov-2 are based on nanoparticles too. The red line, which we monitor day by day, contains myriads of gold nanoparticles coated with antibodies against proteins that report infection.
Technically, one calls something a nanoparticle when its size (diameter) is smaller than one micrometer (one thousandth of a millimeter). Objects of the order of one micrometer can still be measured in a normal microscope, but particles that are much smaller, say smaller than 0.2 micrometers, become exceedingly difficult to measure or characterize. Interestingly, this is also the size range of viruses, which can become as small as 0.02 micrometers.
Over the years, scientists and engineers have devised a number of instruments for characterizing nanoparticles. Ideally, one wants to measure their concentration, assess their size and size distribution, and determine their substance. A high-end example is an electron microscope.
But this technology has many shortcomings. It is very bulky and expensive, and the studies take too long because samples have to be carefully prepared and be put into vacuum. And even then, it remains difficult to determine the substance of the particles one sees in an electron microscope.
A quick, reliable, light and portable device that can be used in the doctor’s office or in the field would have a huge impact. A few optical instruments on the market offer such solutions, but their resolution and precision have been insufficient for examining smaller nanoparticles, e.g., much smaller than 0.1 micrometer (or otherwise said 100 nm).
A group of researchers at the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light and Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin have now invented a new device that offers a big leap in the characterization of nanoparticles. The method is called iNTA, short for Interferometric Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis.
Their results are reported in the May issue of Nature Methods (“Precision size and refractive index analysis of weakly scattering nanoparticles in polydispersions”).
The method is based on the interferometric detection of the light scattered by individual nanoparticles that wander around in a liquid. In such a medium, thermal energy perpetually moves particles in random directions. It turns out that the space that a particle explores in a given time correlates with its size. In other words, small particles move “faster” and cover a bigger volume than large particles.
The equation that describes this phenomenon – the Stokes-Einstein relation – dates back to the beginning of the last century and since then has found use in many applications. In a nutshell, if one could follow a nanoparticle and collect statistics about its jittery trajectory, one could deduce its size. So, the challenge is to record very fast movies of tiny particles wizzing by.
Scientists at MPL have developed a special microscopy method over the past two decades, known as interferometric scattering (iSCAT) microscopy. This technique is extremely sensitive in detecting nanoparticles. By applying iSCAT to the problem of diffusing nanoparticles, the MPL group realized that they can outperform the existing instruments on the market. The new technology has a particular edge in deciphering mixtures of nanoparticles with different sizes and different materials.
The applications of the new method are manifold. A particularly exciting line of applications concerns nano-sized vehicles that are secreted from cells, the so-called extracellular vesicles. These are made of a lipid shell, much like a nano soap bubble. But the shell and the inner liquid also contain proteins, which tell us about the origin of the vesicles, i.e. from which organ or cellular process. When the protein amount and/or the vesicle size deviate from the normal range, it could be that the person is ill. Therefore, it is very important to find ways to characterize extracellular vesicles.
The researchers at the MPL and MPZPM are now working on developing a bench-top system to enable scientists worldwide to benefit from the advantages of iNTA.
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