British researchers are developing a groundbreaking technology to monitor genetic changes in respiratory viruses as they circulate round the world. The system is to be used to pinpoint dangerous new variants as they emerge and act as an early warning system for new diseases and future pandemics.
The team, which is based at the Wellcome Sanger Institute in Cambridgeshire, intends to make the technology cheap, easy to use and capable of being scaled up to provide global surveillance of a wide range of viruses. Targets would include influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), coronaviruses and previously unknown pathogens.
The ultimate aim of the project – the Respiratory Virus and Microbiome Initiative – is to create a system that would deploy DNA sequencing technology to identify all viral, bacterial and fungal species in a single sample collected from a nose swab from a patient.
“The knowledge and data we generated allowed us to track – with unprecedented speed and accuracy – Sars-CoV-2, the virus responsible for Covid-19, and to monitor how it was changing. It was a wonderful aid in helping to fight the disease. Now we are aiming to contribute building a global genomic surveillance for all respiratory viruses. These, after all, are the agents most likely to trigger new pandemics,” Harrison added.
An illustration of the threat of future pandemics is provided by coronaviruses. Three times in the past 20 years, a previously unknown coronavirus emerged to infect humans: Sars in China and neighbouring countries; Mers in the Middle East; and Covid-19, which affected the whole planet.
However, it was the use of genomic surveys during the Covid pandemic that revealed the technology’s remarkable potential. In December 2020, when there was a sudden rise in Covid cases in south-east England, the technology showed that this surge had been triggered by the appearance of a new, more infectious variant. Known originally as the Kent strain, it was later relabelled the Sars-CoV-2 Alpha variant.
“The discovery was a gamechanger,” said John Sillitoe, leader of the Sanger Institute’s genomic surveillance unit. “We generated genomic data very quickly and could see that this variant was transmitting at a very high rate. Suddenly, the world could see what genomics could do. It allows you to see changes in viruses much, much more quickly than by other methods, and now we are going to exploit that power.”
The Sanger team is collaborating with the UK Health Security Agency, British academics, and other public health bodies on the project, with the aim of developing techniques that will allow them to sequence – from a single sample – not just one virus variant but any that might be infecting a patient. Typically, samples would be taken from individuals newly admitted to a hospital, where signs of a new, emerging disease are likely to first appear.
However, such technology would have to be adaptable to laboratories around the world. “It would be no good if the UK and one or two other developed countries learned how to sequence respiratory virus genomes and no one else,” added Sillitoe. “If we don’t have this kind of surveillance globally, we’re not going to spot a dangerous new variant until it has already spread over much of the planet.”
For the system to work across the globe, it would have to be the easiest, cheapest, fastest and most amenable to scaling that could be designed, said Sillitoe. “In many labs around the world, people have smaller sequencing machines and cannot sequence as many samples as we can at the Sanger. So we want the system to work equally well on those machines as it does here on our large volume devices.”
Harrison told the Observer that three different versions of the technology were now being tested. “Over the coming months, we will be seeing if we can swap bits and possibly come up with a hybrid in the end. The aim would be to get a usable system in operation in a year, although there will always be room for improvements after that,” he added.
“The crucial point is that we have got to develop a system that uses inexpensive reagents, does not require teams of highly-trained technicians and can be used at scale. Then we can really make a difference.
“At present, for many respiratory viruses, we have sequenced maybe 1,000-2,000 of their genomes. We want to create hundreds of thousands of genomes for each of them in the near future. The information they will provide will be priceless, not just in tracking a new disease but in speeding up vaccine and drug development.”
The team at the Sanger Institute is not the only group of scientists working on expanding genomic surveys to cover many other emerging viruses. Centres in the US and in Germany are also working on similar projects.
News
Researcher at Russian plague laboratory dies of ‘unknown’ infection
Russian authorities have imposed "anti-epidemic measures" after a laboratory worker at an institute in Siberia dedicated to studying the plague and other infectious diseases died of a mysterious illness. The researcher, a 28-year-old female [...]
GHCE Concept
From the preface of the book Global Health Care Equivalency in the Age of Nanotechnology, Nanomedicine and Artificial Intelligence, Edited by Frank Boehm: Since the publication of my first book (Nanomedical Device and Systems [...]
A Surprising Brain Signal Could Explain Why Eating Less Protein Extends Lifespan
A new paper suggests that limiting protein intake triggers a coordinated response throughout the body that may help explain how protein restriction affects healthy aging. Animals respond to protein restriction, or reduced protein in [...]
Back and shoulder surgery is often worse than useless
Millions of operations should be scrapped SIX IN TEN Britons have surgery at some point. So do lots of Americans, at a cost of perhaps $500bn a year, a third of all spending on [...]
Cocaine plays with mind, hijacks brain circuit, drives increasingly rigid and repetitive behavior
Researchers have found that cocaine hijacks brain circuit, which to drive increasingly rigid and repetitive behavior. The brain circuit that normally participates in selecting natural mouth and face movements, but which becomes disproportionately engaged [...]
Injectable nanodevices could provide effective treatment for drug-resistant glioblastoma
The brain cancer glioblastoma is one of the most aggressive and treatment-resistant cancers known to medicine, carrying a median survival of just 12-15 months, even with the best available care. Now, researchers at the [...]
New Treatment Cuts “Bad” Cholesterol in Half for a Full Year
A single infusion of an experimental CRISPR-Cas9 therapy was reported to safely lower LDL cholesterol by 52.5% and triglycerides by 47.8%, as measured 12 months after treatment. What if one infusion could keep cholesterol [...]
Too Much RNA Can Drain a Cell’s Energy, Scientists Discover
A virus may cripple a cell’s power supply simply by producing too much of a molecule the cell needs to survive. New research from the Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences [...]
West African scientists warn of weakening health systems and urge stronger outbreak detection
LOME, Togo (AP) — West African laboratory scientists called on governments Friday to strengthen capacity to detect disease outbreaks to avoid another major outbreak, saying health systems across the region are becoming weaker. Participants [...]
A Little-Known Protein Could Point to a New Way To Treat Alzheimer’s
A study suggests that increasing SORLA protein levels could help treat Alzheimer’s disease and other disorders involving tau protein. Increasing SORLA, a protein with a protective role in the brain, helped mice withstand damage [...]
Cancer’s Hidden Antioxidant Shield Helps It Escape the Immune System
Blocking an antioxidant protein that tumors use to suppress immune attacks improved cancer immunotherapy responses in mice. Cancer cells can release antioxidants that interfere with the immune cells trying to kill them. Researchers have [...]
Scientists Find a Berry Compound That Helps Muscle Cells Burn Fat
Pterostilbene, a compound found naturally in some foods, affects how skeletal muscles process fats by stabilizing a protein called PPARδ and increasing its signaling activity. Pterostilbene, a natural compound found in blueberries, grapes, and [...]
Two Hidden Forces Help Build the Human Brain Before Birth
Scientists have uncovered two surprising forces that help guide how the human brain forms before birth. Before birth, the human brain is shaped in large part by an unusual class of stem cells known [...]
Researchers Uncover a Hidden Trigger Behind Chronic Inflammation
The findings offer new insights that could help guide the development of future therapies. A protein called human resistin may help flip on one of the immune system’s most powerful inflammatory switches. Researchers at [...]
Scientists Have Uncovered Previously Hidden Microbial Activity on Human Skin
The most abundant microbes on your skin may not be the ones doing most of the work. Human skin supports vast communities of bacteria, fungi, and viruses that can influence its protective barrier, immune [...]
Brazilian Tree Compounds Fight COVID-19 on Multiple Fronts
Scientists found compounds in a Brazilian tree that hit SARS-CoV-2 on multiple fronts, revealing a promising new lead in the search for COVID-19 treatments. Researchers have found that galloylquinic acids extracted from the leaves [...]
