Artificial ion channels developed by A*STAR researchers could pave the way for new kinds of antibacterial agents and biomedical sensors (J. Am. Chem. Soc., “Combinatorial evolution of fast-conducting highly selective K+-channels via modularly tunable directional assembly of crown ethers”).
Ion channels are biochemical superhighways that enable ions of metals such as potassium and sodium to zoom in and out of cells. Crucially, the channels are typically very selective, allowing only one type of ion through and barring others. For example, the naturally-occurring KcsA potassium ion channel can transport 100 million ions per second, and only lets one sodium ion through for every 10,000 potassium ions.
“But protein-based ion channels are costly and difficult to manipulate,” says Huaqiang Zeng at the A*STAR Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology. “Synthetic versions are therefore being developed to mimic and eventually surpass the functions exhibited by naturally-occurring protein channels.” However, it has been difficult to develop artificial channels that have a strong selectivity for potassium over sodium ions.
Zeng and colleagues have now developed ion channels that offer rapid potassium ion transport, with a selectivity that is among the highest reported for any artificial ion channel. The channel is formed from a series of identical molecules that stack on top of one another. Each molecule contains three components. At one end is a crown ether, a large ring of carbon and oxygen atoms; in the middle is an amino acid, which contains chemical groups that allow the molecules to stack in a specific pattern; and at the other end is a long, carbon-based ‘tail’. These molecules can self-assemble so that the crown ether rings line up to form a tube, which acts as an ion channel.
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